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The
American system of manufacturing involves semi-skilled labor using
machine tools and
Stencils (or
jig (disambiguation)s) to make standardized, identical,
interchangeable parts, manufactured to a
tolerance (engineering). The system is also known as the
armory practice because of the history of its development by the
United States Department of War in the Springfield Armory and Harper's Ferry armories (Hounshell 1984).
Since parts are interchangeable, it is also possible to separate manufacture from assembly, and assembly may be carried out by semi-skilled labor on an assembly line - an example of the division of labor. The system typically involves substituting specialized machinery to replace hand tools.
History
In the late 18th century, France General
Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval suggested that muskets could be manufactured faster and more economically if they were made from interchangeable parts. This system would also make field repairs easier to carry out under battle conditions. He provided patronage to
Honoré Blanc, who attempted to implement the
Système Gribeauval, but never succeeded (Hounshell 1984). Until then, under the
English System of Manufacturing, skilled machinists were required to produce parts from a design. But however skilled the machinist, parts were never identical, and each part had to be manufactured separately to fit its counterpart—almost always by one person who produced each completed item from start to finish.
Gribeauval's idea was conveyed to the United States by two routes. First, Blanc's friend Thomas Jefferson championed it, sending copies of Blanc's memoirs and papers describing his work to
United States Secretary of War Henry Knox. Second, an artillery officer named Louis de Tousard who served with Lafayette was an enthusiast of Gribeauval's ideas. Tousard wrote two influential documents after the American Revolution; one was used as the blueprint for
West Point, and the other became the officer's training manual (Hounshell 1984).
The War Department, which included officers trained at West Point on Tousard's manual, established the armories at Springfield Armory and
Harper's Ferry and tasked them with solving the problem of interchangeability. The task was finally accomplished in the 1820s by Captain John H. Hall, an Inside contracting at Harper's Ferry (Hounshell 1984).
Eli Whitney is generally credited with the idea and the practical application, but both are incorrect attributions. Based on his reputation as the inventor of the cotton gin, the U.S. government gave him a contract in 1798 for 10,000 muskets to be produced within two years. It actually took eight years to deliver the order, as Whitney perfected and developed new techniques and machines, but he did go on to produce a further 15,000 muskets within the following two years. Whitney never actually expressed any interest in interchangeability until 1800, when he was exposed to the memoirs of Blanc by Treasury Secretary
Oliver Wolcott, Jr. (Hounshell 1984), but he spent far more time and energy promoting the idea than developing it.
The idea migrated from the armories to industry as machinists trained in the armory system were hired by other manufacturers. Manufacturers thus influenced included American
clockmakers, the Singer Corporation sewing machine manufacturer, and
Cyrus McCormick (Hounshell 1984).
Pre-Industrial Revolution
The idea of interchangeable parts and the separate assembly line was not new, though it was little used. The idea was first developed in Venice several hundred years earlier, where ships were produced using pre-manufactured parts,
assembly lines, and
mass production. The
Venice Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day, in what was effectively the world's first factory.
See also
- Manufacturing
- American System of Watch Manufacturing
- Eli Whitney
- Inside contracting
References
| last = Hounshell
| first = David A.
| title = From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932
| publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press
| date = 1984
| location = Baltimore
| id = ISBN 0-8018-3158-X-->
The
American system of manufacturing involves semi-skilled labor using
machine tools and
Stencils (or
jig (disambiguation)s) to make standardized, identical,
interchangeable parts, manufactured to a tolerance (engineering). The system is also known as the
armory practice because of the history of its development by the
United States Department of War in the Springfield Armory and
Harper's Ferry armories (Hounshell 1984).
Since parts are interchangeable, it is also possible to separate manufacture from assembly, and assembly may be carried out by semi-skilled labor on an assembly line - an example of the
division of labor. The system typically involves substituting specialized machinery to replace hand tools.
History
In the late 18th century, France General
Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval suggested that muskets could be manufactured faster and more economically if they were made from interchangeable parts. This system would also make field repairs easier to carry out under battle conditions. He provided patronage to
Honoré Blanc, who attempted to implement the
Système Gribeauval, but never succeeded (Hounshell 1984). Until then, under the
English System of Manufacturing, skilled machinists were required to produce parts from a design. But however skilled the machinist, parts were never identical, and each part had to be manufactured separately to fit its counterpart—almost always by one person who produced each completed item from start to finish.
Gribeauval's idea was conveyed to the United States by two routes. First, Blanc's friend Thomas Jefferson championed it, sending copies of Blanc's memoirs and papers describing his work to
United States Secretary of War Henry Knox. Second, an artillery officer named Louis de Tousard who served with
Lafayette was an enthusiast of Gribeauval's ideas. Tousard wrote two influential documents after the American Revolution; one was used as the blueprint for
West Point, and the other became the officer's training manual (Hounshell 1984).
The War Department, which included officers trained at West Point on Tousard's manual, established the armories at
Springfield Armory and
Harper's Ferry and tasked them with solving the problem of interchangeability. The task was finally accomplished in the 1820s by
Captain John H. Hall, an
Inside contracting at Harper's Ferry (Hounshell 1984).
Eli Whitney is generally credited with the idea and the practical application, but both are incorrect attributions. Based on his reputation as the inventor of the
cotton gin, the U.S. government gave him a contract in 1798 for 10,000 muskets to be produced within two years. It actually took eight years to deliver the order, as Whitney perfected and developed new techniques and machines, but he did go on to produce a further 15,000 muskets within the following two years. Whitney never actually expressed any interest in interchangeability until 1800, when he was exposed to the memoirs of Blanc by Treasury Secretary Oliver Wolcott, Jr. (Hounshell 1984), but he spent far more time and energy promoting the idea than developing it.
The idea migrated from the armories to industry as machinists trained in the armory system were hired by other manufacturers. Manufacturers thus influenced included American
clockmakers, the Singer Corporation sewing machine manufacturer, and
Cyrus McCormick (Hounshell 1984).
Pre-Industrial Revolution
The idea of interchangeable parts and the separate assembly line was not new, though it was little used. The idea was first developed in Venice several hundred years earlier, where ships were produced using pre-manufactured parts,
assembly lines, and mass production. The Venice Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day, in what was effectively the world's first factory.
See also
References
| last = Hounshell
| first = David A.
| title = From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932
| publisher = The Johns Hopkins University Press
| date = 1984
| location = Baltimore
| id = ISBN 0-8018-3158-X-->
American system of manufacturing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The American system of manufacturing involves semi-skilled labor using machine tools and templates (or jigs) to make standardized, identical, interchangeable parts, manufactured to ...
American System of Watch Manufacturing - Wikipedia, the free ...
In the mid 19th century Aaron Lufkin Dennison became inspired by the manufacturing techniques of the United States Armory at Springfield, Mass. The "armory practice" was mainly ...
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American system of manufacturing ... Wikipedia. Licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. Are you an expert in this subject?
INEX: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (American System of Watch ...
Table of Contents. 1 External links; Aaron Lufkin Dennison was inspired by the manufacturing techniques of the United States Armory at Springfield, Mass.
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Thesaurus Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms. Noun: 1. American sycamore ... American System (manufacturing) American System of Henry Clay American System of manufacture
ACLS Humanities E-Book: From the American system to mass production ...
From the American system to mass production, 1800-1932: the development of manufacturing technology in the United States: Hounshell, David A. Year: c1985.
